Comparative Legal Research on Contract Law Changes Under Covid-19 Pandemic: England, United States, Asia and Ukraine

Keywords: Contract Law, Force Majeure, Contract Performance, Hardship, Frustration of Purpose

Abstract

The study aims to characterize the changes in contract law under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ukraine and the world. For this purpose, we used systemic, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods. The paper consists of an introduction, methodology section, bibliography review, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. In the result of the study some distinctive features of changes in contract law under Covid-19 pandemic at the level of national law of Ukraine and some foreign countries were characterized and highlighted. The authors came to the conclusion that changes in contract law are typical for the countries of continental law. Instead, common law states remain resistant to changes in contract law, particularly, the force-majeure application. The reason for this lies in the specific doctrine of the common law countries, as England and the United States. These countries’ courts remain unshakable in terms of managing the contracts performance. In contrast, some Asian and European states (including Ukraine) are characterized by dynamic changes in legislation, given the pandemic situation. The paper also discusses similar institutions like hardship and frustration of purpose, which are both applicable in continental and common law countries.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Inna Vorotyntseva, National University “Odesa Law Academy” Odesa (Ukraine)

Ph.D. candidate, Civil Law Department of National University “Odesa Law Academy” (Odesa, Ukraine)

Ivanna Hranina, National University “Odesa Law Academy” (Odesa, Ukraine)

Ph.D. candidate, Civil Law Department of National University “Odesa Law Academy” (Odesa, Ukraine)

Maryna Pysarenko, National University "Odesa Law Academy" (Odesa, Ukraine)

Ph.D. candidate, Civil Law Department of National University “Odesa Law Academy” (Odesa, Ukraine).

References

Adakhovska, N. (2020). On the issue of granting the COVID-19 pandemic the status of force majeure. Problems of legal regulation of civil relations in the conditions of COVID-19, 1, 30-32. In http://dspace.onua.edu.ua/handle/11300/12616.
Alameda County Public Health Department. (2021). In https://acphd.org/media/559658/health-officer-order-shelter-in-place-20200316.pdf.
Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (No. w26947). National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Series. In https://www.genderportal.eu/sites/default/files/resource_pool/w26947.pdf.
Anand, K., Karade, S., Sen, S., & Gupta, R. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: Camazotz’s Curse. Medical Journal, Armed Forces India, 76(2), 136-141. In https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183968/.
Andersen, K., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W., Holmes, E., & Garry, R. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450-452. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.
Angle, S., Sharratt, N., Hartley, M., & Safle, T. (March 23, 2020). COVID-19: Legal and contractual implications. In https://www.shlegal.com/news/covid-19-legal-and-contractual-implications.
Baker Botts. (April 29, 2020). Application of Force Majeure under English Law, New York Law and Russian Law (Comparative Analysis). In https://www.bakerbotts.com/~/media/files/insights/publications/2020/april/application-of-force-majeure-under-english-law-new-york-law-and-russian-law.pdf?la=en&hash=3415296E35AB2D585BFD0F14F7EE2B0D7355752A.
Bartik, A., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30), 17656-17666. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006991117.
Blum, B. (2007). Contracts: examples & explanations. Aspen Publishers Online.
Bradley, A. (May 11, 2020). Coronavirus: Can I get out of this contract? Breach of Contract, Force Majeure or Frustration. Keystone Law. In https://www.keystonelaw.com/keynotes/coronavirus-can-i-get-out-of-this-contract-breach-of-contract-force-majeure-or-frustration.
Broom, R., & Brennan, P. (April 29, 2020). Invoking Force Majeure Due to COVID-19 Under English Law. In https://www.squirepattonboggs.com/-/media/files/insights/publications/2020/04/invoking-force-majeure-due-to-covid-19-under-english-law/invoking-force-majeure-due-to-covid-19-under-english-law.pdf.
Chandler MHM (March 26, 2020). COVID 19. Understanding the applicability of force majeure in Thailand. In https://www.chandlermhm.com/content/files/00000407/CMHM%20Newsletter%20Force%20Majeure.pdf.
Clyde&Co. (April 1, 2020). COVID-19 UK: Force majeure… or simple frustration? Knowing where you stand in uncertain times. In https://www.clydeco.com/en/insights/2020/04/farce-majeure-or-simple-frustration-knowing-where.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2020). Order of the Governor of the regarding the closure of all businesses that are not life sustaining. In https://www.governor.pa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/20200319-TWW-COVID-19-business-closure-order.pdf.
Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency. (2021). Guidance on the essential critical infrastructure workforce. In https://www.cisa.gov/publication/guidance-essential-critical-infrastructure-workforce.
Deloitte. (2020). “Antiviral” measures for business: recommendations of lawyers (Part 1). In https://www2.deloitte.com/ua/uk/pages/press-room/deloitte-press/2020/covid19-measures-for-business-1.html.
Diggle, N. (April 7, 2020). English contract law. A force majeure guide. https://www.blakemorgan.co.uk/english-contract-law-a-force-majeure-guide/.
Diggle, N., & Welham, H. (April 7, 2020). Guide to force majeure and other Covid-19 contract issues. In https://www.blakemorgan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Downloads/Guides/Blake-Morgan-COVID-19-Force-Majeure-and-other-Contract-Issues-Guide-updated.pdf.
Dovgert, A. (2019). Recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine: the main factors and prerequisites for the start. Law of Ukraine, 1, 27-41.
Eder, U. (March 9, 2020). Force Majeure in Thailand: From the Bird Flu Case to the Coronavirus Outbreak. In https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/force-majeure-thailand-from-bird-flu-case-coronavirus-dr-ulrich-eder/.
Ferguson, J. (2020), Arbitrating Covid‐19 Contract Disputes Under Civil and Common Law Principles. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, 38, 134-145. doi: 10.1002/alt.21857.
Forbes, Z. (n.d.). COVID-19: Force majeure & frustration under English law. In https://bioone.org/documents/Publisher%20Resources/COVID-19%20Resources/Force%20Majeure%20and%20Frustration-ALPSP-1Jun20.pdf.
Fronchko, V., & Tsyomyk, V. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) as a force majeure factor in the fulfillment of contractual obligations. Current issues of jurisprudence, 2(22), 125-130. doi: 10.35774/app2020.02.125.
Gard (April 1, 2020). COVID-19 and force majeure clauses under English law. In https://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/29452615/covid-19-and-force-majeure-clauses-under-english-law.
Gostin, L., & Hodge, J. (2020). US emergency legal responses to novel coronavirus: balancing public health and civil liberties. JAMA, 323(12), 1131-1132. In https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761556.
Gostin, L., & Wiley, L. (2020). Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-home Orders, Business Closures, and Travel Restrictions. JAMA, 323(21), 2137-2138. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5460. In https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev/1860?utm_source=digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu%2Ffacsch_lawrev%2F1860&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.
Grover, S., Sahool, S., Mehra, A., Avasthi, A., Tripathi, A., Subramanyan, A., Pattojoshi, A., Rao, GP., Saha, G., Mishra, K.K., Chakraborty, K., Rao, N.P., Vaishnav, M., Singh, O.P., Dalal, P.K., Chadda, R.K., Gupta, R., Gautam, S., Sarkar, S., Rao, T.S.S., Kumar, V., & Reddy, Y.C.J. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 354-362. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_427_20.
Hansen, S. (2020). Does the COVID-19 Outbreak Constitute a Force Majeure Event? A Pandemic Impact on Construction Contracts. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, 6, 201-214. doi:10.22146/jcef.54997.
Interfax-Ukraine (March 12, 2020a). Quarantine is not force majeure. CCI. In https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/646511.html.
Interfax-Ukraine (March 5, 2020b). Businesses will have to prove the impact of the coronavirus on the non-performance of contracts for the recognition of force majeure–lawyers. In https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/645136.html.
Ivanova, O. (July, 2016). On the issue of introducing a new legal structure of “the suspension of the contract”. Liga: Zakon. In https://uz.ligazakon.ua/ua/magazine_article/EA009368.
Katsivela, M. (2007). Contracts: Force Majeure Concept or Force Majeure Clauses. Unif. L. Rev. ns, 12, 101. In https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/droit2007&div=7&id=&page.
Kharytonov, E. (2020). Legal regulation of civil relations in a pandemic: between private and public law. Legal life of modern Ukraine, 3, 388-391. In https://hdl.handle.net/11300/13362.
Kharytonov, E., & Kharytonova, O. (2020a). Political values and recodification of Ukrainian civil law. Journal of Civil law, 36, 18-24. doi: 10.32837/chc.v0i36.195.
Kharytonov, E., & Kharytonova, O. (2020b). Civilization before the challenges of the pandemic. Journal of Civil law, 37, 5-9. doi: 10.32837/chc.v0i37.341.
Kingdom of Thailand. Supreme Court. (2012). Decision 5353/2552. In https://deka.in.th/view-508258.html.
England. Krell v. Henry (1903). In https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/krell-v-henry.php.
Kurilo, Y. (January 29, 2019). The theory of force majeure: how to prove the circumstances of force majeure in different countries. Mind. In https://mind.ua/openmind/20193086-teoriya-fors-mazhoriv-yak-dovesti-obstavini-neperebornoyi-sili-u-riznih-krayinah.
Kurilo, Y. (March 11, 2020). Is Coronavirus Force Majeure? Novoe Vremia. In https://nv.ua/ukr/biz/experts/koronavirus-i-karantin-chi-fors-mazhor-ce-i-yak-budut-virishuvatisya-spirni-momenti-v-biznesi-poradi-yurista-50074978.html.
Kuwait. (1980). Civil Code: Decree-law n° 67. In https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/Kuwait_KuwaitCivilCode1980.pdf.
Lavrushina, V., Danileyko, A., Drug, O., & Yaremko, V. (April 6, 2020). Legal consequences of the spread of coronavirus COVID-19 for the execution of contracts. In https://sk.ua/uk/news-uk/pravovi-naslidki-poshirennya-koronavi/.
Legal Hundred. (September 13, 2020). Quarantine as a force majeure. In https://legal100.org.ua/karantin-yak-fors-mazhor/.
Liga: Zakon. (December 22, 2020). Can lockdown be considered force majeure? In https://biz.ligazakon.net/analitycs/200495_chi-mozhna-vvazhati-lokdaun-fors-mazhorom.
Linklaters. (March 12, 2020a). Covid-19: Impact on commercial contracts. Mainland China. In https://www.linklaters.com/en/insights/publications/2020/march/novel-coronavirus-commercial-contracts/novel-coronavirus-impact-on-commercial-contracts/mainland-china.
Linklaters. (March 12, 2020b). Covid-19: Impact on commercial contracts. The US. In https://www.linklaters.com/en/insights/publications/2020/march/novel-coronavirus-commercial-contracts/novel-coronavirus-impact-on-commercial-contracts/us.
Liu, J., & Bai, C. (March 16, 2020). Coronavirus in the Chinese Law Context: Force Majeure and Material Adverse Change. Pillsbury. In https://www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/coronavirus-in-the-chinese-law-context-force-majeure-and-material-adverse-change.html.
Lu, H., Stratton, C., & Tang, Y. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 401-402. In https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmv.25678.
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, J., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W.J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W., & Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 395(10224), 565-574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Mazars. (April 22, 2020). Force Majeure and COVID-19. In https://www.mazars.co.th/Home/Insights/COVID-19-impact/Force-Majeure-and-COVID-19.
McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Economics in the Time of COVID-19, 45, 1-14. In https://www.incae.edu/sites/default/files/covid-19.pdf#page=52.
Mendiola, J. (August 20, 2020). Thailand: Applying Force Majeure To Contractual Obligations During The COVID-19 Crisis. Silk Legal. In https://www.mondaq.com/litigation-contracts-and-force-majeure/971502/applying-force-majeure-to-contractual-obligations-during-the-covid-19-crisis?type=related#_ftn7.
Meredith, O., & al-Arif, I. (1954). The Libyan Civil Code: an English translation and a comparison with the Egyptian Civil Code. Cambridge, England: Oleander Press. In https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAPH/26463/56730/F2024919639/LYB26463%20Eng.pdf.
Moore, F. (March 26, 2020). Will Covid-19 trigger a force majeure clause? In https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/covid-19-force-majeure-clause.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018.
Norton Rose Fulbright (March, 2020). Force majeure/hardship clauses and frustration in English law contracts amid COVID-19. In https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/b54cf723/force-majeure-hardship-clauses-and-frustration-in-english-law-contracts-amid-covid-19.
Oman Law Blog. (November 3, 2014). The Civil Transactions Law and the Impact of the Muqawala Provisions on Construction. In https://omanlawblog.curtis.com/2014/11/the-civil-transactions-law-and-impact.html.
Parmet, W., & Sinha, M. (2020). Covid-19. The law and limits of quarantine. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(15), e28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2004211.
Peacock, D., & Henriques, M. (April 7, 2020). Push the Pause Button? Contracts and COVID-19. National Law Review, 10(98), 1-10. In https://www.natlawreview.com/article/push-pause-button-contracts-and-covid-19.
Qatar. (2004). Regarding Promulgating the Civil Code: Law 22. In https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=2559&language=en#:~:text=No%20person%20who%20lacks%20discretion,reached%20the%20age%20of%20discretion.
Rajah &Tann Thailand (April, 2020). COVID-19: Force Majeure in Commercial Transactions in the Current Situation. In https://th.rajahtannasia.com/media/3884/th_2020_04_force_majeure_and_commercial_transactions.pdf.
Raynes, J. (April, 2020). COVID-19: English Law Contracts. Force Majeure, Frustration, and Other Relief. Steptoe. In https://www.steptoe.com/en/news-publications/covid-19-english-law-contracts-force-majeure-frustration-and-other-relief.html.
Renjith, M. (2020). Force-Majeure under Contract Law in the Context of Covid-19 Pandemic. SSRN. In https://ssrn.com/abstract=3588338.
Schwartz, A. (2010). A ‘Standard Clause Analysis’ of the Frustration Doctrine and the Material Adverse Change Clause. UCLA Law Review, 57, 1-8. In https://ssrn.com/abstract=1466131.
Schwartz, A. (2020). Contracts and COVID-19. Stanford Law Review, 73, 48-49. In https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/contracts-and-covid-19/.
Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531-537. In https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7337855/.
Sidley. (March 16, 2020). COVID-19 and the Impact on English Law Governed Contracts. Force Majeure and Frustration. In https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/newsupdates/2020/03/covid-19-and-the-impact-on-english-law-governed-contracts--force-majeure-and-frustration.
Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.
Sornchangwat, P., Thammateeradaycho, N., & Ramirez, M. (December 17, 2020). Thailand: Impact Of COVID-19 on Commercial Contracts in Thailand: Force Majeure. Tilleke & Gibbins. In https://www.mondaq.com/operational-impacts-and-strategy/1017616/impact-of-covid-19-on-commercial-contracts-in-thailand-force-majeure.
Stott, C., West, O., & Harrison, M. (2020). A Turning Point, Securitization, and Policing in the Context of Covid-19: Building a New Social Contract Between State and Nation? Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 1, 1-21. doi: 10.1093/police/paaa021.
Sukha, Yu. S. (2016). Rules on hardship (substantial change of circumstances): a comparative analysis of the provisions of the DCFR, UNIDROIT, the civil legislation, and judicial practice of Ukraine. Chasopys tsyvilistyky, 21, 82-87. In http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/Chac_2016_21_19.pdf.
Sussel, I. (March 26, 2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19): Exemption from liability due to force majeure. In https://www.bakermckenzie.com/uk/insight/publications/2020/03/covid19-exempt-from-liability-provisions-ukraine.
Tan, W., Zhao, X., Ma, X., Wang, W., Niu, P., Xu, W., & Wu, G. (2020). A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases. Wuhan, China 2019−2020. China CDC Weekly, 2(4), 61-62. In http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/fileCCDCW/journal/img/cover/8d108282-5bd8-49fe-a7df-48f6249518b1.pdf#page=15.
England. Taylor v. Caldwell [1863] 3 B&S 826 Case Summary. In https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/taylor-v-caldwell.php?vref=1.
The New York State Senate Website. (2021). Section 5-1401. Choice of law. General Obligations (GOB). In https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GOB/5-1401
The Official Website of the State of New York. (March 20, 2020). Governor Cuomo Signs the ‘New York State on PAUSE’ Executive Order. Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. In https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-signs-new-york-state-pause-executive-order.
Titarenko, D. (March 25, 2020). COVID-19: how can a business properly refer to quarantine as force majeure? Bulletin. In http://www.visnuk.com.ua/uk/news/100017024-covid-19-yak-biznesu-pravilno-posilatisya-na-karantin-yak-na-fors-mazhor.
Twigg-Flesner, C. (2020). The Potential of the COVID-19 Crisis to Cause Legal Disruption to Contracts and Contract Law. SSRN. In https://ssrn.com/abstract=3625004.
Ukraine. Commercial Court of Appeal. (2011). Resolution 18/90-39/268. In https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/14422497.
Ukraine. (1997). On chambers of commerce and industry in Ukraine: Law 671/97-ВР. In https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/671/97-%D0%B2%D1%80#n118.
Ukraine. (2003). Civil Code of Ukraine. In https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text.
Ukraine. (2003). Commercial Code of Ukraine. In https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/436-15#Text.
Ukraine. (2009). On the prevention of the spread of influenza type A / H1N1 / California / 04/09 and acute respiratory diseases among the population. Resolution 1152. In https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/KP091152?an=48&ed=2010_09_08.
Ukraine. (2020) On amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine aimed at providing additional social and economic guarantees in connection with the spread of coronavirus disease (Covid-19): Law 540-IX. In https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/540-20.
Ukraine. (2020). On amendments to certain legislative acts of Ukraine aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of coronavirus disease (Covid-19): Law 530-IX. In In https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/530-20.
Ukraine. (2020). On the establishment of quarantine and the introduction of restrictive anti-epidemic measures to prevent the spread of acute respiratory disease COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Ukraine: Resolution 1236. In https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/kp201236?an=2.
Ukraine. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2009). On the prevention of the spread of influenza type A / H1N1 / California / 04/09 and acute respiratory diseases among the population: Resolution 1152. In https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/KP091152?an=48&ed=2010_09_08.
Ukraine. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2020). On the establishment of quarantine and the introduction of restrictive anti-epidemic measures to prevent the spread of acute respiratory disease COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Ukraine: Resolution 1236. In https://ips.ligazakon.net/document/view/kp201236?an=2.
Ukraine. Kyiv Commercial Court of Appeal. (2011). Resolution 18/90-39/268. In https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/14422497.
Ukraine. Supreme Court. (2012). Resolution 6-93цс11. In https://verdictum.ligazakon.net/document/23069464.
United Arab Emirates. (1985). On the Civil Transactions: Law 5. In https://legaladviceme.com/legislation/126/uae-federal-law-5-of-1985-on-civil-transactions-law-of-united-arab-emirates
United Nations. (1980). Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/salegoods/conventions/sale_of_goods/cisg.
United States. Gulf Oil Corp. v. F.E.R.C. Court of Appeals. Apr 21, 1983. 706 F.2d 444 (3d Cir. 1983).
United States. Cater v. Barker. North Carolina Court of Appeals. Aug 1, 2005. 172 N.C. App. 441 (N.C. Ct. App. 2005).
United States. Blount-Midyette v. Aeroglide Corp. Supreme Court of North Carolina. Apr 1, 1961. 119 S.E.2d 225 (N.C. 1961).
Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Song, Z., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.-W., Tian, J.-Y., Pei, Y.-Y., Yuan, M.-L., Zhang, Y.-L., Dai, F.-H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.-M., Zheng, J.-J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C., & Zhang, Y. (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579 (7798), 265-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3.
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Lacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
Zakirova, S. (2020). Force majeure: What has the COVID-19 virus pandemic changed? Public opinion on lawmaking, 5(190), 4-10. In http://nbuviap.gov.ua/images/dumka/2020/5.pdf.
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., & Wenjie, T. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727-733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
Published
2021-04-04
How to Cite
Vorotyntseva, I., Hranina, I., & Pysarenko, M. (2021). Comparative Legal Research on Contract Law Changes Under Covid-19 Pandemic: England, United States, Asia and Ukraine. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 10(1), 123-150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v10i1.275